1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 293 seats in the United States House of Representatives 147 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Map of U.S. House elections results from 1876 elections for 45th Congress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1876, and March 13, 1877. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 45th United States Congress convened on October 15, 1877. The size of the House increased to 293 seats with the addition of the new state of Colorado.
These elections coincided with the (heavily contested) election of President Rutherford B. Hayes and the United States Centennial. Hayes' Republican Party was able to recover from the Democratic Party many of the seats it had lost two years before as the economy improved slightly. However, the Democrats retained a majority and were able to use the disinterest of the people in Republican Reconstructionled projects to help keep crucial seats. Republican congressional leadership had a difficult time distancing itself from the corruption of the Ulysses S. Grant administration or the legislature's impact on the economy downturn.
Election summaries
[edit]157 | 136 |
Democratic | Republican |
State | Type | Total seats |
Democratic | Republican | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
Alabama | District | 8 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Arkansas | District | 4 | 4[g] | 0 | ||
California | District | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Colorado | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Connecticut | District | 4 | 3 | 1 | ||
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Florida | District | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Georgia | District | 9 | 9[g] | 0 | ||
Illinois | District | 19 | 8 | 2 | 11 | 4 |
Indiana | District | 13 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 4 |
Iowa | District | 9 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 1 |
Kansas | District | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Kentucky | District | 10 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Louisiana | District | 6 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Maine | District | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||
Maryland | District | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||
Massachusetts | District | 11 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 4 |
Michigan | District | 9 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2 |
Minnesota | District | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Mississippi | District | 6 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Missouri | District | 13 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Nebraska | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
New Hampshire[h] | District | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
New Jersey | District | 7 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
New York | District | 33 | 16 | 1 | 17 | 1 |
North Carolina | District | 8 | 7 | 1 | ||
Ohio | District | 20 | 8 | 5 | 12 | 5 |
Oregon | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Pennsylvania | District | 27 | 10 | 7 | 17 | 7 |
Rhode Island | District | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
South Carolina | District | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Tennessee | District | 10 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Texas | District | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||
Vermont | District | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Virginia | District | 9 | 8 | 1 | ||
West Virginia | District | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
Wisconsin | District | 8 | 3 | 5 | ||
Total | 293 | 157[1][f] 53.6% |
27 | 136[1] 46.4% |
31 |
The previous election included 4 Independents, in Illinois and Massachusetts.
Election dates
[edit]In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.[2] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1876–77, there were still 8 states with earlier election dates, and 1 state with a later election date.
Elections before Election Day (United States):
- June 5: Oregon
- September 5: Vermont
- September 11: Maine
- October 4:Georgia
- October 10: Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia
Standard Election Day:
- November 7, 1876
Election after Election Day:
- March 13, 1877: New Hampshire
Special elections
[edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019) |
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Connecticut 3 | Henry H. Starkweather | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent died January 28, 1876. New member elected April 12, 1876. Republican hold. Winner later re-elected to the next term; see below. |
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Connecticut 4 | William Barnum | Democratic | 1867 | Incumbent resigned May 18, 1876, when elected U.S. senator. New member elected November 7, 1876. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below. |
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Indiana 2 | |||||
Indiana 3 | |||||
Maine 3 | James G. Blaine | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent resigned July 10, 1876. New member elected September 11, 1876. Republican hold. Winner retired after serving out the remainder of the term. |
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Alabama
[edit]Alabama redistricted and eliminated its at-large seats, going from 6 districts and 2 at-large seats to 8 districts. The state also elected a full delegation of Democrats, voting out the two Republicans.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Alabama 1 | Charles Hays Redistricted from the 4th district |
Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Alabama 2 | New district | New seat. Democratic gain. |
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Alabama 3 | Jeremiah Norman Williams Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Alabama 4 | Jeremiah Haralson Redistricted from the 1st district |
Republican | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Alabama 5 | New district | New seat. Democratic gain. |
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Alabama 6 | Goldsmith W. Hewitt | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Burwell Boykin Lewis Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic loss. | ||
Alabama 7 | William Henry Forney Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Taul Bradford Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Democratic loss. | ||
John H. Caldwell Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic loss. | ||
Alabama 8 | New district | New seat. Democratic gain. |
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Arkansas
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[12] | |
Arkansas 1 | Lucien C. Gause | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arkansas 2 | William F. Slemons | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arkansas 3 | William W. Wilshire | Democratic | 1872 1874 (lost contest) 1874 |
Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic gain. |
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Arkansas 4 | Thomas M. Gunter | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 | William Adam Piper | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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California 2 | Horace F. Page | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 3 | John K. Luttrell | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 4 | Peter D. Wigginton | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Colorado
[edit]There were two elections to the new state of Colorado.
44th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Colorado at-large | New district | New seat. Republican gain. |
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45th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Colorado at-large | James B. Belford | Republican | 1876 | Incumbent re-elected. Election was later successfully challenged by the challenger. |
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Connecticut
[edit]Connecticut had been electing is members late in the cycle, even after the terms had begun. But starting in 1876, the state joined the others in electing its members on the November 7, 1876 Election Day. The delegation remained 3 Democrats and 1 Republican.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[13] | |
Connecticut 1 | George M. Landers | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Connecticut 2 | James Phelps | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Connecticut 3 | John T. Wait | Republican | 1876 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Connecticut 4 | William Barnum | Democratic | 1867 | Incumbent resigned May 18, 1876, when elected U.S. senator. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the current term; see above. |
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Delaware
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Delaware at-large | James Williams | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Florida
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Florida 1 | William J. Purman | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Florida 2 | Jesse J. Finley | Democratic | 1874[i] | Incumbent lost re-election.[j] Republican gain. |
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Georgia
[edit]Illinois
[edit]Indiana
[edit]Iowa
[edit]Kansas
[edit]Kentucky
[edit]Louisiana
[edit]Maine
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Maine 1 | John H. Burleigh | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold. |
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Maine 2 | William P. Frye | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maine 3 | Vacant | Rep. James G. Blaine (R) resigned July 10, 1876. Republican hold. Concurrent special election held to serve out the unexpired term; the winner did not stand for the regular election. |
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Maine 4 | Harris M. Plaisted | Republican | 1875 (special) | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Maine 5 | Eugene Hale | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maryland
[edit]Massachusetts
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | William W. Crapo | Republican | 1875 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 2 | Benjamin W. Harris | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 3 | Henry L. Pierce | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent retired. New member elected after initial result overturned. Democratic gain. |
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Massachusetts 4 | Josiah Gardner Abbott | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Massachusetts 5 | Nathaniel P. Banks | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 6 | Charles Perkins Thompson | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Massachusetts 7 | John K. Tarbox | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Massachusetts 8 | John M. S. Williams | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Massachusetts 9 | George F. Hoar | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senate. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 10 | Charles A. Stevens | Republican | 1875 (special) | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 11 | Chester W. Chapin | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Michigan
[edit]Minnesota
[edit]Mississippi
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | Lucius Q. C. Lamar | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Democratic hold. |
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Mississippi 2 | G. Wiley Wells | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Mississippi 3 | Hernando Money | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 4 | Otho R. Singleton | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 5 | Charles E. Hooker | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 6 | John R. Lynch | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Missouri
[edit]Nebraska
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | Lorenzo Crounse | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Nevada
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nevada at-large | William Woodburn | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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New Hampshire
[edit]New Jersey
[edit]New York
[edit]North Carolina
[edit]Ohio
[edit]Oregon
[edit]Pennsylvania
[edit]Rhode Island
[edit]South Carolina
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 | Joseph Rainey | Republican | 1870 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 2 | Edmund W. M. Mackey | Independent Republican |
1874 | Seat declared vacant July 19, 1876, due to contested election. Republican gain. |
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South Carolina 3 | Solomon L. Hoge | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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South Carolina 4 | Alexander S. Wallace | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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South Carolina 5 | Robert Smalls | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | William McFarland | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 2 | Jacob M. Thornburgh | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 3 | George G. Dibrell | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 4 | Haywood Y. Riddle | Democratic | 1875 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 5 | John M. Bright | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 6 | John F. House | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 7 | Washington C. Whitthorne | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 8 | John D. C. Atkins | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 9 | William P. Caldwell | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Texas
[edit]Vermont
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[30] | |
Vermont 1 | Charles H. Joyce | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Vermont 2 | Dudley C. Denison | Independent Republican |
1874 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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Vermont 3 | George Hendee | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[31] | |
Virginia 1 | Beverly B. Douglas | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 2 | John Goode | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 3 | Gilbert C. Walker | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 4 | William H. H. Stowell | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Virginia 5 | George Cabell | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 6 | J. Randolph Tucker | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 7 | John T. Harris | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 8 | Eppa Hunton | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 9 | William Terry | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. |
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West Virginia
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Benjamin Wilson | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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West Virginia 2 | Charles J. Faulkner | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Democratic hold. |
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West Virginia 3 | Frank Hereford | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin
[edit]Wisconsin elected eight members of congress on Election Day, November 7, 1876.[35][36]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[citation needed] | |
Wisconsin 1 | Charles G. Williams | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 2 | Lucien B. Caswell | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 3 | Henry S. Magoon | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 4 | William Pitt Lynde | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 5 | Samuel D. Burchard | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin 6 | Alanson M. Kimball | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Wisconsin 7 | Jeremiah McLain Rusk | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 8 | George W. Cate | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Non-voting delegates
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arizona Territory at-large | |||||
Dakota Territory at-large | Jefferson P. Kidder | Republican | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Idaho Territory at-large | Stephen S. Fenn | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Montana Territory at-large | Martin Maginnis | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large | |||||
Wyoming Territory at-large | William R. Steele | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Regular elections, not specials
- ^ Most states held their elections November 7, 1876.
- ^ a b There is a significant discrepancy for the party totals in the U.S House resulting from the 1874 elections between Dubin (p. 241, who records 150 Democrats, 2 Independent Democrats, and 141 Republicans), and Martis (pp. 130–131). The discrepancy seems to be accounted for by the fact that Dubin's party figures represent the party totals on the first day of the 45th United States Congress, while Martis' figures take into account the results of later contested elections (all of which were decided in favor of the Democratic candidates who challenged the election results).
- ^ Included 1 Independent Democrat.
- ^ Included 3 Independent Republicans.
- ^ a b Includes 2 Independent Democrats
- ^ a b Includes 1 Independent Democrat.
- ^ Elections held late
- ^ After disputed election
- ^ The election in the Florida's 2nd district was extremely close, with initial returns showing a difference between the two candidates of only 3 votes. Finley challenged Bisbee's election and was eventually seated on February 20, 1879.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Martis, p. 130–131.
- ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
- ^ a b "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 1 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL - District 03 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 4 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 5 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 6 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 7 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 8 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1058. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
- ^ "Login: CQ Voting and Elections Collection". library.cqpress.com. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
- ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Nov 7, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
- ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ Bashford, R. M., ed. (1878). "Official Directory: Members of Congress". The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 449–452. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
- ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
[edit]- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)