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Zucchini

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Zucchini (disambiguation).

Zucchini
Striped and uniform-colored zucchini
GenusCucurbita
SpeciesCucurbita pepo
Origin19th-century northern Italy

The zucchini (/zuˈkiːni/ ⓘ; pl.: zucchini or zucchinis),[1] courgette (/kʊərˈʒɛt/) or baby marrow (Cucurbita pepo)[2] is a summer squash, a vining herbaceous plant whose fruit are harvested when their immature seeds and epicarp (rind) are still soft and edible. It is closely related, but not identical, to the marrow; its fruit may be called marrow when mature.[3][4][5]

Golden zucchini grown in the Netherlands for sale in a supermarket in Montpellier, France, in April 2013

Ordinary zucchini fruit are any shade of green, though the golden zucchini is a deep yellow or orange.[6] At maturity, they can grow to nearly 1 metre (3 feet) in length, but they are normally harvested at about 15–25 cm (6–10 in).[7]

In botany, the zucchini's fruit is a pepo, a berry (the swollen ovary of the zucchini flower) with a hardened epicarp. In cookery, it is treated as a vegetable, usually cooked and eaten as an accompaniment or savory dish, though occasionally used in sweeter cooking.

Zucchini occasionally contain toxic cucurbitacins, making them extremely bitter, and causing severe gastero-enteric upsets. Causes include stressed growing conditions, and cross pollination with ornamental squashes.[8]

Zucchini descends from squashes first domesticated in Mesoamerica over 7,000 years ago,[9] but the zucchini itself was bred in Milan in the late 19th century.[10]

Naming and etymology

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The plant has three names in English, all of them meaning 'small marrow': zucchini (an Italian loanword), usually used in the plural form even when only one zucchino is meant, courgette (a French loanword), and baby marrow (South African English). Zucchini and courgette are doublets, both descending from the Latin cucurbita, 'gourd'.

Zucchini

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The name zucchini is used in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand[11] English. It is loaned from Italian, where zucchini is the plural masculine diminutive of zucca, 'marrow' (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdzukka]).

In Italian, the masculine zucchino (plural: zucchini) is attested earlier and hence preferred by the Accademia della Crusca, the Italian language regulator.[12] The feminine zucchina (plural: zucchine) is also found, and preferred by the Italian-language encyclopedia Treccani, which considers zucchino to be a Tuscan dialect word.[13]

Zucchini is also used in Canadian French, Danish, German, and Swedish.

Courgette

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The name courgette is used in British, Hiberno-, Malaysian, New Zealand,[11][14] and South African English. It is loaned from French, where courgette (French pronunciation: [kuʁʒɛt]) is a diminutive of courge, 'marrow'.

Courgette is also used in Dutch.

Baby marrow

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The name baby marrow is used interchangeably in South Africa with courgette.[15][16]

Flower

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Main article: squash blossom
Flower of zucchini

The female flower is a golden blossom on the end of each emergent zucchini. The male flower grows directly on the stem of the zucchini plant in the leaf axils (where leaf petiole meets stem), on a long stalk, and is slightly smaller than the female. Both flowers are edible and are often used to dress a meal or to garnish the cooked fruit.[citation needed]

Firm and fresh blossoms that are only slightly open are cooked to be eaten, with pistils removed from female flowers, and stamens removed from male flowers. The stems on the flowers can be retained as a way of giving the cook something to hold onto during cooking, rather than injuring the delicate petals, or they can be removed prior to cooking, or prior to serving. There are a variety of recipes in which the flowers may be deep fried as fritters or tempura (after dipping in a light tempura batter), stuffed, sautéed, baked, or used in soups.[citation needed]

History

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Zucchini, like all squash, has its ancestry in the Americas, specifically Mesoamerica. The varieties of green, cylindrical squash harvested immature and typically called "zucchini" were cultivated in northern Italy, as much as three centuries after the introduction of cucurbits from the Americas. It appears that this occurred in the second half of the 19th century, although the first description of the variety under the name zucchini occurs in a work published in Milan in 1901.[10] Early varieties usually appended the names of nearby cities in their names.[citation needed]

The first records of zucchini in the United States date to the early 1920s. It was almost certainly taken to America by Italian immigrants and probably was first cultivated in the United States in California. A 1928 report on vegetables grown in New York State treats 'Zucchini' as one among 60 cultivated varieties of C. pepo.[17]

Culinary uses

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Zucchini soup
Grilled zucchini
Zucchini bread

When used for food, zucchini are usually picked when under 20 cm (8 in) in length, when the seeds are still soft and immature.[18] Mature zucchini can be 1 m (40 in) long or more. These larger ones often have mature seeds and hard skins, requiring peeling and seeding. A zucchini with the flowers attached is a sign of a truly fresh and immature fruit, and it is especially sought after for its sweeter flavor.[19][20]

Zucchini is usually served cooked.[21][22] It can be prepared using a variety of cooking techniques, including steamed, boiled, grilled, stuffed and baked, barbecued, fried, or incorporated in other recipes such as soufflés. Raw grated zucchini can also be combined with flour and spices in a zucchini bread,[23][24] similar to banana bread, or incorporated into a cake mix to make zucchini cake, similar to carrot cake. Its flowers can be eaten stuffed and are a delicacy when deep-fat-fried (e.g., tempura).

Zucchini has a delicate flavor and can be found simply cooked with butter or olive oil and herbs, or in more complex dishes.[25] The skin is usually left in place. When frying zucchini, it is recommended to pat down cut sections to make them drier, similarly to what may be done with eggplant, in order to keep the slices' shape while cooking.[26] Zucchini can also be eaten raw, sliced or shredded, in a cold salad, as well as lightly cooked in hot salads, as in Thai or Vietnamese recipes. Mature (larger-sized) zucchini are well-suited for cooking in breads.[27]

Zucchinis can be cut with a spiralizer into noodle-like spirals and used as a low-carbohydrate substitute for pasta or noodles, often referred to as 'zoodles'.[28]

In Australia, a popular dish is a frittata-like dish called zucchini slice.[29]

In Bulgaria, zucchini may be fried and then served with a dip, made from yogurt, garlic, and dill. Another popular dish is oven-baked zucchini—sliced or grated—covered with a mixture of eggs, yogurt, flour, and dill.

In Egypt, zucchini may be cooked with tomato sauce, garlic, and onions.[30]

In France, zucchini is a key ingredient in ratatouille, a stew of summer vegetable-fruits and vegetables prepared in olive oil and cooked for an extended time over low heat. The dish, originating near present-day Nice, is served as a side dish or on its own at lunch with bread. Zucchini may be stuffed with meat or with other fruits such as tomatoes or bell peppers in a dish called courgette farcie (stuffed zucchini).

In Greece, zucchini is usually fried, stewed or boiled with other fruits (often green chili peppers and eggplants). It is served as an hors d'œuvre or as a main dish, especially during fasting seasons. Zucchini is also stuffed with minced meat, rice, and herbs and served with avgolemono sauce. In several parts of Greece, the flowers of the plant are stuffed with white cheese, usually feta or mizithra, or with a mixture of rice, herbs, and occasionally minced meat. They are then deep-fried or baked in the oven with tomato sauce.

In Italy, zucchini is served in a variety of ways: fried, baked, boiled, or deep fried, alone or in combination with other ingredients. At home and in some restaurants, it is possible to eat the flowers, as well, deep-fried, known as fiori di zucca (cf. pumpkin flower fritter).

In the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, zucchini is often stuffed and called dolma. It is also used in various stews, both with and without meat, including ladera.

In Sephardic Jewish cuisine, medias (from Judeo-Spanish, meaning "halves") is a dish of halved zucchinis stuffed with meat and a mixture of ingredients, and cooked in a sour lemon sauce.[31]

In Mexico, the flower (known as flor de calabaza) is often cooked in soups or used as a filling for quesadillas. The fruit is used in stews, soups (i.e. caldo de res, de pollo, or de pescado, mole de olla, etc.) and other preparations. The flower, as well as the fruit, is eaten often throughout Latin America.[32]

Sliced zucchini for preparation of salad

In Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, zucchini usually is coated in flour or semolina and then fried or baked in vegetable oil, served with sour cream. Another popular recipe is "zucchini caviar", a squash spread made from thermically processed zucchini, carrots, onions and tomato paste, produced either at home or industrially as a vegetable preserve.

In Turkey, zucchini is the main ingredient in the popular dish mücver, or "zucchini pancakes", made from shredded zucchini, flour, and eggs, lightly fried in olive oil and eaten with yogurt. They are also often used in kebabs along with various meats. The flowers are also used in a cold dish, where they are stuffed with a rice mix with various spices and nuts and stewed.

In the United States, fried zucchini was invented in Pittsburgh.[33]

In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed it to be Britain's 10th favorite culinary vegetable.[34]

Stuffed zucchini is found in many cuisines. Typical stuffings in the Middle Eastern family of dolma include rice, onions, tomato, and sometimes meat.

Nutrition

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Zucchini plant in India (2012)
Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy64 kJ (15 kcal)
2.69 g
Sugars1.71
Dietary fiber1 g
0.36 g
1.14 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
6%
56 μg
6%
670 μg
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.035 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.024 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.51 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
6%
0.288 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.08 mg
Folate (B9)
7%
28 μg
Vitamin C
14%
12.9 mg
Vitamin K
4%
4.2 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
18 mg
Iron
2%
0.37 mg
Magnesium
5%
19 mg
Manganese
8%
0.173 mg
Phosphorus
3%
37 mg
Potassium
9%
264 mg
Sodium
0%
3 mg
Zinc
3%
0.33 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water95.2 g
Link to USDA database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[35] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[36]

Zucchini are low in food energy (approximately 71 kilojoules or 17 kilocalories per 100 grams or 3+1⁄2 ounces fresh zucchini) and contain good amounts of folate (24 μg/100 g), potassium (261 mg/100 g), provitamin A (200 IU [10 RAE]/100 g) and vitamin C (12.9 mg/100 g) .[37]

Toxicology

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Members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae, which includes zucchini / marrows, pumpkins and cucumbers, can contain toxins called cucurbitacins. These are steroids which defend the plants from predators, and have a bitter taste to humans. Cultivated cucurbitaceae are bred for low levels of the toxin and are safe to eat. However, ornamental pumpkins can have high levels of cucurbitacins, and such ornamental plants can cross-fertilize edible cucurbitaceae—any such cross-fertilized seeds used by the gardener for growing food in the following season can therefore potentially produce bitter and toxic fruit. Dry weather or irregular watering can also favor the production of the toxin, which is not destroyed by cooking. Humans with an impaired sense of taste (particularly the elderly) should therefore ask another person to taste the zucchini for them.[38][39] This toxin has caused at least one death of an elderly person, in 2015.[40] Investigators warned that gardeners should not save their own seeds, as reversion to forms containing more poisonous cucurbitacin might occur.[39][40]

Zucchini can also be responsible for allergy caused by the presence of a protein: profilin.[41] The sap released when peeling young zucchini also contains a viscous substance which when drying on the hands gives the impression of super-glue and dry hands.[citation needed]

Cultivation

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A young zucchini plant grown by a home gardener in the city.
Harvest-ready, although not yet full-grown, zucchini on plant; the glossy skin is progressively lost after the first week following anthesis.

Zucchini is very easy to cultivate in temperate climates. As such, it has a reputation among home gardeners for overwhelming production. The part harvested as "zucchini" is the immature fruit, although the flowers, mature fruit, and leaves are eaten, as well. One good way to control overabundance is to harvest the flowers, which are an expensive delicacy in markets because of the difficulty in storing and transporting them. The male flower is borne on the end of a stalk and is longer-lived.

While easy to grow, zucchini, like all squash, requires plentiful bees for pollination. In areas of pollinator decline or high pesticide use, such as mosquito-spray districts, gardeners often experience fruit abortion, where the fruit begins to grow, then dries or rots. This is due to an insufficient number of pollen grains delivered to the female flower. It can be corrected by hand pollination or by increasing the bee population.

Closely related to zucchini are Lebanese summer squash or kusa (not to be confused with cushaw), but they often are lighter green or even white. Some seed catalogs do not distinguish them. Various varieties of round zucchinis are grown in different countries under different names, such as "Tondo di Piacenza" in Italy, "Qarabaghli" in Malta[42] and "Ronde de Nice" in France.[43] In the late 1990s, American producers in California cultivated and began marketing round yellow and green zucchini known as "8-ball" squash (the yellow ones are sometimes known as "1-ball" or "gold ball").[44] White zucchini (summer squash) is sometimes seen as a mutation and can appear on the same plant as its green counterpart.

Cultivars

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  • Bianco di Trieste
  • Black Beauty,[45] very dark green
  • Cocozelle, dark green with white stripes, heirloom

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Zucchini". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  2. ^ "ITIS - Report: Cucurbita". The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  3. ^ Austin, Gareth (Jul 23, 2010). "BBC Dig In blog". Dig in Blog. BBC. Retrieved 2016-04-11. Courgettes are commonly described as marrows harvested young. However, there are some slight horticultural differences between courgettes and marrows. Courgettes tend to be bushy and thin-skinned, whereas marrows tend to trailing and have a thicker skin.
  4. ^ "The Gardener's Almanac, entry at "Marrow"". Retrieved 2023-06-26. The general difference between Marrows and Courgettes / Zuchini is: Marrow plants tend to trail out and the fruit skin is quite thick, whereas Courgettes grow as a bush and the skins are quite thin.
  5. ^ Dr. D.G. Hessayon (2009). The Vegetable and Herb Expert. London: Expert Books.
  6. ^ "Summer Squash". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  7. ^ VanderBrug, Michael. The Timber Press Guide to Vegetable Gardening in the Midwest.
  8. ^ "Zucchini (courgette)". foodsafety.asn.au. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  9. ^ "Cucurbits". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  10. ^ a b Teresa A. Lust; Harry S. Paris (2016). "Italian horticultural and culinary records of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae) and emergence of the zucchini in 19th-century Milan". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw080. PMC 4934399. PMID 27343231.
  11. ^ a b Vogan, Rachel. "A crop with two names". Kiwi Gardener. Retrieved 2021-05-02 – via Mitre 10. I call them courgettes, as do growers such as Zealandia, but seed companies in New Zealand list them as zucchini.
  12. ^ Accademia della Crusca, Alcune varianti di nomi di frutti
  13. ^ Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
  14. ^ "Courgette". 5+ A Day. Retrieved 2021-05-02. In New Zealand we tend to call them courgettes.
  15. ^ "Baby Marrow". AgriLink. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  16. ^ Donnelly, Abigail. "Panfried chicken with baby marrow and porcini". Woolworths Taste magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  17. ^ Hedrick, U.P.; Hall, F.H.; Hawthorn, L.R. & Berger, Alwin (1928). "Part 4: The cucurbits". The Vegetables of New York, Vol. 1. Vol. v.1–4. Albany: J.B. Lyon.
  18. ^ "Chosen Bites: Zucchini blossoms". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Jun 16, 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  19. ^ O'Neill, Molly (Aug 15, 1999). "Food; How to Stuff a Wild Zucchini". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  20. ^ Richardson, Kenneth VA (Nov 2012). "Preliminary Evaluation of a Yellow Zucchini Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Variety for the Fresh Market and for Use as a Frozen Vegetable" (PDF). Gladstone Road Agricultural Centre Crop Research Report (11): 1–6.
  21. ^ "What Is Zucchini?". Taste of Home. Aug 25, 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  22. ^ "The Difference Between Cucumber And Zucchini". Southern Living. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  23. ^ Zucchini Bread Chefs. "Zucchini Bread Recipes". Zucchini Bread Recipe Book. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  24. ^ Sudakov, Monika (Feb 21, 2023). "23 Unexpected Ways To Cook With Zucchini". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  25. ^ Kathy Brown (2003). Edible Flowers. Anness Publishing Ltd.
  26. ^ the cooking bar (Aug 16, 2021). "The best way to drain zucchini before cooking".
  27. ^ "Kitchen Wit & Wisdom: Help is at hand for all of that zucchini - Vernon Morning Star". www.vernonmorningstar.com. Sep 19, 2012. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  28. ^ "Soggy zucchini noodles? You're probably making this common mistake". TODAY.com. Sep 14, 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  29. ^ Clark, Melissa (Jul 15, 2022). "Make the Most of Too Much Summer Squash With the Zucchini Slice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  30. ^ Lucas, Brenda (Aug 21, 2013). "Now is peak season for the low-cal vitamin-packed zucchini squash". Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  31. ^ "Stuffed Zucchini - Recipe". Foodish – by Anu – Museum of the Jewish People. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  32. ^ Ramanathan, Lavanya (Aug 13, 2014). "Squash blossoms offer petal power". The Washington Post.
  33. ^ "Here's the story of fried zucchini -- a dish invented for Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  34. ^ Wainwright, Martin (May 23, 2005). "Onions come top for British palates". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
  35. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  36. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  37. ^ "Show Foods". Sep 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-21.
  38. ^ "Poisonous courgette warning". Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  39. ^ a b "Auf den Geschmack kommt es an". Aug 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
  40. ^ a b "Mann stirbt an Garten Zucchini". Aug 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
  41. ^ Reindl, Jürgen; Anliker, Mark D.; Karamloo, Fariba; Vieths, Stefan; Wüthrich, Brunello (2000). "Allergy caused by ingestion of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) : Characterization of allergens and cross-reactivity to pollen and other foods". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 106 (2): 379–385. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.107602. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 10932084.
  42. ^ "Qarabaghli Mimli". Times of Malta. Oct 25, 2009. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  43. ^ "Round Summer Squash". Long Island Seed Project. Aug 2, 2007.
  44. ^ Pierce (Jun 4, 2013). "In season: Summer means squash". Dallas News. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  45. ^ "Summer Squash". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 2020-05-17.,
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